The governing equations of the flow of an oldroyd-B fluid are discretized using the finite element method. To overcome the convective nature of the momentum equation, the Galerkin/Least-Squares Finite Element Method (GLS/FEM) is used while the Discrete Elastic–Viscous Stress-Splitting (DEVSS) method is used to overcome the instability due to the absence of diffusion in the constitutive equations

Due to the environmental concerns, much responsiveness has been paid to natural polymers and recycle wastes. Disposal of wastes like marine wastes and domestic wastes end up in landfills and open areas which cause environmental crisis. The development of biodegradable active packaging materials is one of the alternatives to reduce the using of synthetic petroleum-based plastics. Biodegradable

A blend of poly 3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) and [6, 6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is used as a photoactive layer for simulating a bulk heterojunction organic solar using general-purpose photovoltaic device model (GPVDM) software. The optical and electrical performance of the cell had been analyzed by changing the thickness of each layer and substrate material over a range of operating

The mechanical properties of bone tissues change significantly within the bone body, since it is considered as a heterogeneous material. The characterization of bone mechanical properties is necessary for many studies, such as in prosthesis design. An experimental uniaxial compression study is carried out in this work on bovine cortical bone tissue in long bones (femur and tibia) at several speeds

Worldwide, the phenomenal antimicrobial resistance with its consequences of fatal diseases has been alerted; it is because the morbidity and mortality at a shocking rate. Therefore, there is an urgent quest of innovative antimicrobials agents; it is that communicable disease is a worldwide trouble as of the growth and wideness of drug-resistant pathogens. As for the aim of the research, it is

In this paper, we propose a Reinforcement Learning-based MAC layer protocol for cognitive radio networks, based on exploiting the feedback of the Primary User (PU). Our proposed model relies on two pillars, namely an infinite-state Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) to model the system dynamics besides a queuing-theoretic model for the PU queue, where the states represent whether

In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL) approach to design an access scheme for secondary users (SUs) in a cognitive radio (CR) network. In the proposed scheme, we introduce a deep Q-network to enable SUs to access the primary user (PU) channel based on their past experience and the history of the PU network's automatic repeat request (ARQ) feedback. In essence, SUs cooperate to

This paper presents a modified version of Manta ray foraging optimizer (MRFO) algorithm to deal with global optimization and multilevel image segmentation problems. MRFO is a meta-heuristic technique that simulates the behaviors of manta rays to find the food. MRFO established its ability to find a suitable solution for a variant of optimization problems. However, by analyzing its behaviors during

Edge detection is one of the main steps in the image processing field, especially in bio-medical imaging, to diagnose a disease or trace its progress. The transfer of medical images makes them more susceptible to quality degradation due to any imposed noise. Hence, the protection of this data against noise is a persistent need. The efficiency of fractional-order filters to detect fine details and

X-Ray viewer is a tool for observing the results of X-Ray films using ray lighting. It aims to get clearer readings of X-Ray films by radiographers and doctors. X-Ray viewers in hospitals generally cannot be carried anywhere because they use fluorescent lamps as a source of radiation and use 220 Volt AC voltage directly. So that its use is less effective and efficient because it must be connected